HEMT transistor with adjusted gate-source distance, and manufacturing method thereof

ABSTRACT

An HEMT includes: a heterostructure; a dielectric layer on the heterostructure; a gate electrode, which extends throughout the thickness of the dielectric layer; a source electrode; and a drain electrode. The dielectric layer extends between the gate electrode and the drain electrode and is absent between the gate electrode and the source electrode. In this way, the distance between the gate electrode and the source electrode can be designed in the absence of constraints due to a field plate that extends towards the source electrode.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to a high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) (and to the manufacturing method thereof. In particular, the present disclosure regards a HEMT transistor with adjusted gate-source distance.

Description of the Related Art

Transistors are known, which are based upon the formation of layers of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with high mobility at a heterojunction, i.e., at the interface between semiconductor materials with different band gaps. For instance, HEMT transistors are known based upon the heterojunction between a layer of aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) and a layer of gallium nitride (GaN).

HEMT transistors based upon AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions afford a wide range of advantages that render them particularly suited and widely used for various applications. For instance, the high breakdown threshold of HEMT transistors is exploited for high-performance power switches. The high mobility of the electrons in the conductive channel makes it possible to provide high-frequency amplifiers. Moreover, the high concentration of electrons in the 2DEG enables a low ON-state resistance (RON) to be obtained.

On account of the high cost of gallium-nitride substrates, HEMT transistors based upon AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions are normally obtained via growth of GaN and AlGaN layers on silicon substrates. Consequently, the HEMT transistors thus obtained are of a planar type; i.e., they have the source, gate, and drain electrodes or terminals aligned in a plane parallel to the substrate.

A known solution for providing HEMT transistors consists in the use of recessed-gate terminals.

A transistor of this type is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1.

FIG. 1 shows, in a triaxial system of mutually orthogonal axes X, Y, Z, a HEMT device 1, which includes: a substrate 2, made, for example, of silicon; a channel layer 4 of intrinsic gallium nitride (GaN), which extends over the substrate 2; a barrier layer 6 of intrinsic aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), which extends over the channel layer 4; an insulation layer 7 of dielectric material, such as nickel oxide (NiO), which extends on an upper side 6 a of the barrier layer 6; and a gate region 8, which extends in the insulation layer 7 between a source terminal 10 and a drain terminal 11.

The channel layer 4 and the barrier layer 6 form a heterostructure 3.

In a way not illustrated in the figure, a buffer layer may be present between the substrate 2 and the heterostructure 3.

A gate terminal 8, of a recessed type, extends in depth through the insulation layer 7, until it reaches the barrier layer 6. In other words, the gate terminal 8 is formed in a trench 9 etched through the insulation layer 7. The source terminal 10 and the drain terminal 12, which are made of conductive material, for example metal material, extend in depth in the semiconductor body 5, completely through the barrier layer 6, terminating at the interface between the barrier layer 6 and the channel layer 4. The channel layer 4 and the barrier layer 6 are, in general, made of materials such that, when they are coupled together as illustrated in FIG. 1, they form a heterojunction that enables formation of a region, or layer, of two-dimensional gas (2DEG).

A gate dielectric layer 8 a extends in the trench 9, facing the bottom and side walls of the trench 9. A gate metallization 8 b completes filling of the trench 9 and extends over the gate dielectric layer 8 a. The gate dielectric layer 8 a and the gate metallization 8 b form the gate terminal 8 of the HEMT device 1.

The gate terminal 8 is separated laterally (i.e., along X) from the source terminal 10 and drain terminal 12 by means of respective portions 7 a and 7 b of the insulation layer 7. As illustrated in FIG. 1, as a consequence of the manufacturing process currently used, the gate metallization 8 b likewise extends over the insulation layer 7, alongside the trench 9, forming in particular a field-plate element 8 c that extends along X towards the source terminal 10. A similar field-plate element 8 d extends along X in the opposite direction, i.e., towards the drain terminal 11.

A passivation layer 5, for example made of insulating or dielectric material, in particular silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), extends over the source terminal 10, the drain terminal 11, and the gate terminal 8, and over the insulation layer 7. The passivation layer 5 has the function of protection of the source terminal 10, the drain terminal 11, and the gate terminal 8 from external agents.

The field-plate gate topology is an efficient technique used for reducing the high electrical field in the region between the gate terminal and the drain terminal. The field-plate gate topology implies a design of the HEMT device 1 such that the side of the gate terminal 8 facing the drain terminal 11 extends over the insulation layer 7 to form the field-plate element 8 d, so as to reduce the electrical field in the region between the gate terminal 8 and the drain terminal 11 and thus raise the breakdown threshold of the HEMT device 1.

In current manufacturing processes, formation of the field-plate element 8 d, oriented towards the drain terminal 11, is obtained simultaneously with formation of the field-plate element 8 c, oriented towards the source terminal 10.

The present applicant has found that, even though AlGaN/GaN structures form a 2DEG layer with low electrical resistance thanks to the high current density and electron mobility, the distance L_(D) between the gate terminal 8 and the source terminal 10 is a parameter that significantly affects the value of the current density supplied at output from the HEMT device 1, the value of ON-state resistance Rory, and the peak value of the transconductance, in particular for radiofrequency (RF) applications and low-voltage power applications.

In particular, the aforementioned parameters improve by approaching the gate terminal 8 to the source terminal 10, i.e., reducing the distance L_(D) between the gate terminal 8 and the source terminal 10, measured along the axis X at the top surface 6 a of the channel layer 6.

However, a reduction of the distance L_(D) causes an undesired approach of the field-plate element 8 c to the source terminal 10. This aspect is undesired in so far as it increases the risk of short-circuits between the gate terminal 8 and the source terminal 10 and likewise increases the value of capacitance C_(GS) between the gate terminal 8 and the source terminal 10.

Moreover, it should be noted that the RF gain, RF_(gain), is proportional to the ratio between the cut-off frequency F_(t) and the value of frequency f (RF_(gain)≈F_(t)/f), where F_(t) is proportional to the inverse of the capacitance C_(GS) between the gate terminal 8 and the source terminal 10 (F_(t)≈1/C_(GS)). Consequently, to maximize the RF gain, it is expedient to reduce the value of the capacitance C_(GS), or, in other words, to move the field-plate element 8 c away from the source terminal 10. Moreover, it may be noted that also the capacitance that is formed between the field-plate element 8 c and the underlying heterostructure 3 has a negative impact on the RF gain.

BRIEF SUMMARY

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide a HEMT, and a manufacturing method thereof, that take into due consideration the contrasting drawbacks set forth previously.

Hence, according to the present disclosure a HEMT transistor and a method for manufacturing the transistor are provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present disclosure, preferred embodiments thereof are now described, purely by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side section view of a HEMT transistor according to an embodiment of a known type;

FIG. 2A is a side section view of a HEMT transistor according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2B is a side section view of a HEMT transistor according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIGS. 3A-3F show steps for manufacturing the HEMT transistor of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2A shows a HEMT device 31, in a triaxial system of mutually orthogonal axes X, Y, Z. The present disclosure applies indifferently to a HEMT device of a normally-off type or of a normally-on type.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An HEMT device 31 includes a substrate 12, made, for example, of silicon, or silicon carbide (SiC), or sapphire (Al₂O₃); an (optional) buffer layer 15, which extends on the substrate 12; a channel layer 14 made of intrinsic gallium nitride (GaN), which extends on the buffer layer 15 (or directly on the substrate 12 in the case where the buffer layer 15 is not present), and has a thickness comprised between approximately 1 μm and 5 μm; a barrier layer 16, made of intrinsic aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) or, more in general, of compounds based upon ternary or quaternary alloys of gallium nitride, such as Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N, AlInGaN, In_(x)Ga_(1-x)N, and Al_(x)In_(1-x)Al, which extends on the channel layer 14 and has a thickness to comprised between approximately 5 nm and 30 nm; an insulation layer 17, made of dielectric material, such as nickel oxide (NiO), which extends on an upper side 16 a of the barrier layer 16; and a gate terminal 18, which extends in the insulation layer 7 between a source terminal 21 and a drain terminal 22.

The channel layer 14 and the barrier layer 16 form a heterostructure 13. The substrate 12, the buffer layer 15 (when present), the channel layer 14, and the barrier layer 16 are hereinafter referred to, as a whole, as “semiconductor body 20”. The heterostructure 13 hence extends between an underside 14 a of the channel layer 14, which constitutes part of the interface with the underlying substrate 12, and an upper side 16 a of the barrier layer 16. The channel layer 14 and the barrier layer 16 are, in general, made of materials such that, when coupled together, as illustrated in FIG. 2A, form a heterojunction that enables formation of a region, or layer, of two-dimensional gas (2DEG).

The gate terminal 18, which comprises a gate dielectric 18 a and a gate metallization 18 b, extends throughout the thickness of the insulation layer 17, until it reaches the barrier layer 16. Optionally, according to a different embodiment (not illustrated), the gate terminal 18 extends through a part of the barrier layer 16 and terminates within the barrier layer 16. The gate dielectric layer 18 a electrically insulates the gate metallization 18 b from the barrier layer 16.

The source region 21 and the drain region 22, which are made of conductive material, for example metal, extend in depth in the semiconductor body 20, right through the barrier layer 16, terminating at the interface between the barrier layer 16 and the channel layer 14.

The 2DEG region extends at the interface between the channel layer 14 and the barrier layer 16 underneath the insulation layer 17, i.e., in interface portions between the channel layer 14 and the barrier layer 16 corresponding to the projection along Z of the insulation layer 17. According to further embodiments, the semiconductor body 20 may comprise just one or more than one layer of GaN, or GaN alloys, appropriately doped or of an intrinsic type.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the gate terminal 18 is separated laterally (i.e., along X) from the drain terminal 22 by means of a portion 17′ of the insulation layer 17. A respective portion of the insulation layer 17 is not, instead, present between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21. In this way, during the manufacturing steps, as illustrated more fully hereinafter, there is no formation of a field-plate element, of the type designated by the reference 8 c in FIG. 1, which protrudes towards the source terminal 21.

A minimum distance L_(GS)′ between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21, measured along X, is equal to a distance L_(D)′ between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21 measured at the surface 16 a of the barrier layer 16. Given the absence of the field-plate element between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21, the distance between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21 remains constant throughout the extension, along Z, of the side surface 25 of the gate terminal 18 that faces the source terminal 21. In other words, this side surface 25 extends, or lies, in the plane YZ and has, in each point considered, the same distance L_(D) from the source terminal 21. The distance L_(D) is measured, in each point considered of the side surface, in a direction parallel to the axis X, which is orthogonal to the plane YZ. It is evident that the distance L_(D) is considered constant even in the presence of non-idealities deriving from the manufacturing process, for example corrugations, depressions, or protuberances present on the side surface 25 of the gate terminal 18 and/or on the facing surface of the source terminal 21.

According to the present disclosure, the distance between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21 is chosen, in the design step, so as to improve at the same time the value of ON-state resistance Rory and the peak value of the transconductance, and to maximize the RF gain.

In fact, as compared to the embodiment of a known type represented in FIG. 1, the present disclosure makes it possible to approach the gate terminal 18 to the source terminal 21 with a reduction of the risk of shorting (owing to the absence of the corresponding field-plate element) and at the same time to maximize the RF gain when the contribution of capacitance between the field-plate element facing the source terminal and the underlying heterostructure is eliminated.

Moreover, the side extension, along X, of the HEMT device 31 can be reduced, for example by a value equal to the extension along X of the field-plate element 8 c, which is now no longer present.

In other words, according to the present disclosure, by eliminating the field-plate element exclusively in the spatial region between the gate terminal and the source terminal, it is possible to obtain a HEMT transistor configured to meet as well as possible specific needs of application, reducing the design constraints.

A passivation layer 24, made, for example, of insulating or dielectric material such as Si₃N₄, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, or AlN, extends on the source terminal 21, the drain terminal 22, and the gate terminal 18, and in particular between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21. The passivation layer 24 extends between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21 until it reaches and physically contacts the channel layer 16.

The passivation layer 24 has the function of protection of the source terminal 21, the drain terminal 22, and the gate terminal 18 from external agents and likewise has the function of side electrical insulation between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21.

According to another embodiment, a further field-plate metal layer 26, illustrated in FIG. 2B, extends over the passivation layer 24, in particular on the gate terminal 18 and likewise alongside the latter. To provide protection and insulation of the above further field-plate metal layer 26, a dielectric layer 27, for example made of SiO₂, is, in this case, present. The remaining elements of FIG. 2B correspond to the ones already illustrated in FIG. 2A and described with reference to FIG. 2A. They are not hence described any further, and they are identified by the same reference numbers.

Illustrated in what follows, with reference to FIGS. 3A-3F, are steps for manufacturing the HEMT device 1. FIG. 3A shows, in cross-sectional view, a portion of a wafer 40 during a step for manufacturing the HEMT device 31, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Elements of the wafer 40 common to the ones already described above with reference to FIG. 2, and illustrated in FIG. 2, are designated by the same reference numbers. In particular (FIG. 3A), the wafer 40 is provided, comprising: the substrate 12, made, for example, of silicon (Si) or silicon carbide (SiC) or aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), having a front side 12 a and a back side 12 b opposite to one another in a direction Z; the channel layer 14, made of gallium nitride (GaN), having its own underside 14 a that extends adjacent to and overlapping the front side 12 a of the substrate 12; and the barrier layer 16, made of aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), which extends over the channel layer 14. The barrier layer 16 and the channel layer 14 form the hetero structure 13.

Next (FIG. 3B), formed on a front side 16 a of the barrier layer 16 is the insulation layer 17, made of dielectric material such as silicon oxide (SiO₂) and having a thickness comprised between 10 nm and 150 nm. The insulation layer 17 may also be made of nickel oxide (NiO), or silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), or aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), or aluminum nitride (AlN). Formation of the insulation layer 17 is performed via epitaxial growth on the barrier layer 6 (AlGaN). With reference to Roccaforte, F. et al., “Epitaxial NiO gate dielectric on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 100, 063511, 2012, it is known that it is possible to carry out an epitaxial growth of NiO on AlGaN by means of MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition).

Then (FIG. 3C), a step of masked etching of the insulation layer 17 is carried out to remove selective portions of the latter that extend in regions of the wafer 40 in which it is desired to form the source region 21 and the drain region 22 of the HEMT device 1. Etching proceeds, possibly with a different etching chemistry, for removing exposed portions of the barrier layer 16, until the channel layer 14 is reached. In particular, openings 34 a and 34 b are formed.

Then (FIG. 3D), a step of formation of ohmic contacts is carried out to obtain the source and drain regions 21, 22 by depositing conductive material, in particular a metal, such as titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), aluminum (Al), or alloys or compounds thereof, by means of sputtering or vapor deposition, within the openings 34 a, 34 b.

This is followed by a step of rapid thermal annealing (RTA), for example at a temperature of between approximately 500° C. and 700° C. for a time of from 30 s to 120 s, which makes it possible to perfect formation of the ohmic contacts of the source region 21 and the drain region 22 with the underlying region (presenting the 2DEG).

Then (FIG. 3E), the insulation layer 17 is selectively removed, for example by means of lithographic and etching steps so as to remove selective portions thereof in a region of the wafer 40 in which, in subsequent steps, the gate region 18 of the HEMT device 31 is to be formed.

The etching step can stop at the underlying barrier layer 16 (as illustrated in FIG. 3E), or else proceed partially within the barrier layer 16 or, again, completely involve the barrier layer 16 (in a way not illustrated in the figures).

A surface portion 16′ of the barrier layer 16 is thus exposed. Etching of the barrier layer 16 is, for example, of a dry type. The portion of the barrier layer 16 removed generates a trench 19, which extends throughout the thickness of the insulation layer 17.

As described with reference to FIG. 2A, the step of FIG. 3E envisages etching of the insulation layer 17 in a region that extends from the source terminal 21 towards the drain terminal 22 (without reaching the latter), with removal of the insulation layer 17 alongside the source terminal 21.

Then (FIG. 3F), formed, for instance by deposition, is the gate dielectric layer 18 a, made for example of a material chosen from among aluminum nitride (AlN), silicon nitride (SiN), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), and silicon oxide (SiO₂). The gate dielectric layer 18 a has a thickness chosen between 5 nm and 50 nm, for example 30 nm.

Then, a step of deposition of conductive material on the wafer 40 is carried out to form, by means of known photolithographic techniques, the gate metallization 18 b on the gate dielectric layer 18 a, filling the trench 19 and thus forming the gate region 18. For instance, the gate metallization 18 b is made of metal material, such as tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN), palladium (Pa), tungsten (W), tungsten silicide (WSi₂), titanium aluminum (Ti/Al), and nickel gold (Ni/Au).

The gate dielectric layer 18 a that is not protected by the gate metallization 18 b (and in particular the portion of the gate dielectric 18 a that extends, in top plan view in the plane XY, between the gate metallization 18 b and the source terminal 21), can be removed by means of an etching step or kept on the wafer 40, indifferently.

Formation of the gate terminal 18 does not damage the source and drain terminals already formed. In fact, even though some of the metals of the source and drain terminals (typically, Ti and Ta) could be partially etched, the effect thereon is not important for operation of the device; the aluminum is not damaged, nor partially etched, by the chemistry used for etching the gate dielectric 18 a.

The gate terminal 18 is formed, as mentioned previously with reference to FIG. 2A, so as to provide the gate metallization 18 b at a distance L_(D) from the source terminal 21. Just one field-plate element 18′ extends as a continuation of the gate metallization 18 b towards the drain terminal 22, on the insulation layer 17. No similar field-plate element is instead present extending towards the source terminal 21 in so far as, in the spatial region between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21, the insulation layer 17 is absent.

Finally, a step of deposition of the passivation layer 24 is carried out. This step is performed, for example, by depositing a layer of 400 nm by means of PECVD.

The material of the passivation layer 24 is deposited within the space present between the gate terminal 18 and the source terminal 21, filling it and electrically insulating the gate terminal 18 from the source terminal 21.

The HEMT device 31 illustrated in FIG. 2A is thus formed.

The advantages of the disclosure according to the present disclosure emerge clearly from what has been set forth previously.

In particular, there may be noted, according to the present disclosure, a reduction in the R_(ON) (due to a shorter gate-source distance), and hence an increase in the maximum current supplied at output from the device and also in the output power.

Moreover, there may be noted a reduction in the gate-to-source capacitance C_(GS) and hence an increase in the cut-off frequency and gain, in particular in RF applications.

Finally, it is clear that modifications and variations may be made to what has been described and illustrated herein, without thereby departing from the sphere of protection of the present disclosure.

For instance, the metallization of the (source, drain, and gate) contacts on the front of the wafer can be performed using any variant known in the literature, such as formation of contacts made of AlSiCu/Ti or Al/Ti, or W-plugs, or others still.

Moreover, the channel layer 4 and the barrier layer 6 may be made of other materials chosen from among compound materials constituted by elements of Groups III and V, such as InGaN/GaN or AlN/GaN.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), comprising: a heterostructure; a first dielectric layer on the heterostructure; an opening in the first dielectric layer that exposes a first surface of the heterostructure, the first surface of the heterostructure having a first portion and a second portion adjacent to the first portion; a second dielectric layer on the first dielectric layer and in the opening on the first portion of the first surface of the heterostructure, the second dielectric layer partially exposing the second portion of the first surface of the heterostructure, the second dielectric layer having a side surface in the opening between the first and second portions of the first surface of the heterostructure, the side surface of the second dielectric layer being transverse to the first surface of the heterostructure; a first electrode and a second electrode, which extend into, and in electrical contact with, the heterostructure; and a gate electrode on the first portion of the first surface of the heterostructure, the gate electrode extending between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the gate electrode includes a side surface in the opening and facing the first electrode, the side surface extending at a distance from the first electrode, an entirety of the second portion of the first surface of the heterostructure being between the first electrode and the gate electrode, and wherein the side surface of the second dielectric layer faces the first electrode, the side surface of the second dielectric layer substantially coplanar with the side surface of the gate electrode.
 2. The HEMT according to claim 1, wherein the distance is taken along a first direction orthogonal to a plane defined by the side surface of the gate electrode.
 3. The HEMT according to claim 1, further comprising a passivation layer that extends between the gate electrode and the first electrode throughout an entire extension of the side surface of the gate electrode, and over the gate electrode, the first electrode, and the second electrode, the passivation layer having a trench between the first electrode and the gate electrode.
 4. The HEMT according to claim 3, wherein the heterostructure includes a channel layer and a barrier layer on the channel layer, and the passivation layer extends to the barrier layer.
 5. The HEMT according to claim 3, wherein: the heterostructure includes a channel layer and a barrier layer on the channel layer, and the passivation layer extends to the second dielectric layer.
 6. The HEMT according to claim 1, wherein the second dielectric layer extends between the gate electrode and the second electrode.
 7. The HEMT according to claim 1, further comprising a field-plate element, which extends as a prolongation of the gate electrode towards the second electrode.
 8. The HEMT according to claim 1, further comprising: a passivation layer that extends between the gate electrode and the first electrode throughout an entire extension of the side surface, and over the gate electrode, the first electrode, and the second electrode, the passivation layer contacting the second portion of the first surface of the heterostructure; and a field-plate metal layer extending on the passivation layer and above the gate and first electrodes, the passivation layer electrically insulating the field-plate metal layer from the gate and first electrodes.
 9. The HEMT according to claim 1, wherein the side surface of the gate electrode extends at a distance from the first electrode that is constant throughout an entire extension of the side surface.
 10. A high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), comprising: a heterostructure having a first surface; a first dielectric layer partially on the first surface of the hetero structure; an opening in the first dielectric layer that exposes the first surface of the heterostructure, the first surface of the heterostructure having a first portion and a second portion adjacent to the first portion; a first electrode and a second electrode, which extend in electrical contact with the heterostructure; a gate electrode covering the first portion of the first surface of the heterostructure exposed by the first dielectric layer, the gate electrode extending between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the gate electrode includes a gate metallization having a side surface facing the first electrode; a second dielectric layer on the first portion of the first surface of the heterostructure and on the first dielectric layer, the second dielectric layer having a side surface in the opening and facing the first electrode, the side surface of the second dielectric layer and the side surface of the gate metallization being coplanar with each other; and a passivation layer that extends between the gate electrode and the first electrode throughout an entire extension of the side surface of the gate metallization, and over the first dielectric layer, gate electrode, the first electrode, and the second electrode, the passivation layer on and contacting the first surface of the heterostructure exposed by the first dielectric layer, the passivation layer being beside the gate electrode and the first electrode in the opening and covering the second portion of the first surface.
 11. The HEMT according to claim 10, wherein the heterostructure includes a channel layer and a barrier layer on the channel layer, and the passivation layer extends to the barrier layer.
 12. The HEMT according to claim 10, wherein: the heterostructure includes a channel layer and a barrier layer on the channel layer, and the passivation layer extends to the second dielectric layer and covers the side surface of the second dielectric layer.
 13. The HEMT according to claim 10, wherein the first dielectric layer extends between the gate electrode and the second electrode and the first dielectric layer exposes the second portion of the first surface of the heterostructure between the gate electrode and the first electrode.
 14. The HEMT according to claim 10, further comprising: a field-plate metal layer extending on the passivation layer and above the gate and first electrodes, the passivation layer electrically insulating the field-plate metal layer from the gate and first electrodes.
 15. A high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), comprising: a heterostructure having a first layer on a second layer, the first layer having a first surface; a first insulation layer on the first layer; an opening in the first insulation layer, the first surface of the first layer being exposed by the opening; a first electrode that extends through the first insulation layer and the first layer and is in contact with the second layer of the hetero structure; a second electrode that extends through the first insulation layer and the first layer and is in contact with the second layer of the heterostructure; a gate electrode in the opening, between the first electrode and the second electrode; a second insulation layer on a first part of the first surface of the first layer in the opening, and on the first insulation layer; and a passivation layer in the opening, in contact with the first surface of the first layer, between the gate electrode and the first electrode, wherein the passivation layer is on the first electrode, the second electrode, and the second insulation layer, and wherein the passivation layer includes silicon nitride and the insulation layer includes nickel oxide.
 16. The HEMT of claim 15, wherein the passivation layer is in direct contact with a side surface of the first electrode that faces the gate-electrode in the opening.
 17. The HEMT of claim 15, wherein a top surface of the passivation layer is higher between the gate electrode and the second electrode than between the gate electrode and the first electrode.
 18. The HEMT of claim 15, wherein the second insulation layer has a second surface in the opening that is between the gate electrode and the first electrode, the first second surface spaced from the first electrode by the passivation layer.
 19. The HEMT of claim 18, wherein the second insulation layer is on the first part of the first surface of the first layer. 